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Pediatrics Pediatrics curriculum ======================= Conquer Pediatrics Boards with Calm, Clear Confidence Core Advanced Pediatrics Core Pathway ### Acute And Emergency Care 247 questions #### Initial assessment, triage, and stabilization 66 Recognition of critical illness, ABCDE approach, resuscitation priorities, and safe disposition deci... - Airway management fundamentals - Airway positioning and basic adjuncts 3 - Bag-mask ventilation technique 4 - Difficult airway and rescue strategies 3 - Oxygen delivery methods 4 - Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) overview 4 - Pediatric assessment triangle and triage frameworks - ABCDE primary survey 4 - Appearance, work of breathing, circulation to skin (PAT) 4 - Disposition and escalation decisions 4 - Secondary survey and history (SAMPLE/OPQRST) 4 - Triage acuity and red flags 3 - Shock, dehydration, and sepsis - Adrenal crisis recognition (safety-critical) 3 - Anaphylaxis emergency management 3 - Dehydration and gastroenteritis emergency management 3 - Sepsis recognition and initial bundle concepts 3 - Shock recognition and classification 3 - Vascular access and resuscitation procedures - Blood product resuscitation (trauma and hemorrhage) 4 - Fluid resuscitation principles 2 - Intraosseous (IO) access 2 - Peripheral IV and ultrasound-guided access (concept) 3 - Point-of-care testing and bedside tools 3 #### Neurologic and toxicologic emergencies 61 Seizures, altered mental status, increased ICP, headaches, ingestions, and poisoning management prin... - Headache emergencies and increased intracranial pressure - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) overview 3 - Intracranial hypertension initial management 4 - Meningitis/encephalitis headache patterns 3 - Migraine acute treatment basics 3 - Red flags in pediatric headache 3 - Altered mental status (AMS) differential and approach - Immediate reversible causes 3 - Infection and CNS inflammation 3 - Metabolic and endocrine causes 4 - Toxicologic causes and toxidromes 4 - Trauma and intracranial hemorrhage 3 - Poisoning and ingestion emergencies - Button battery and magnet ingestion emergencies 3 - Common high-risk ingestions 3 - Household and environmental toxins 3 - Initial stabilization and decontamination principles 2 - Toxidrome-based management 3 - Seizure and status epilepticus management - Acute benzodiazepine therapy 2 - Febrile seizure approach 3 - Immediate stabilization and glucose check 3 - Nonconvulsive status and postictal states 3 - Second-line anti-seizure medications (conceptual) 3 #### Respiratory emergencies and common ED presentations 60 Acute respiratory distress syndromes and high-frequency ED respiratory problems including asthma, br... - Acute asthma exacerbation management - Discharge planning and controller initiation 3 - Escalation therapies 4 - First-line therapies 3 - Severity assessment and monitoring 3 - Ventilation risk and intubation pitfalls 3 - Bronchiolitis and infant respiratory distress - Admission criteria and monitoring 2 - Diagnosis and severity assessment 2 - Differential diagnosis of wheezing infant 4 - Supportive care and oxygen thresholds (conceptual) 3 - Therapies generally not recommended (board framing) 3 - Croup and upper airway obstruction - Airway emergencies differential 4 - Assessment of severity and stridor 3 - Corticosteroid therapy 2 - Discharge vs admission criteria 2 - Nebulized epinephrine use 3 - Pneumonia and severe respiratory infection in ED - Antibiotic choices (community) concept 4 - Clinical diagnosis and severity cues 3 - Complications and escalation 3 - Discharge instructions and follow-up 3 - Viral vs bacterial differentiation limitations 3 #### Trauma, surgical, and procedural emergencies 60 Pediatric trauma principles, fractures, burns, abdominal emergencies, and procedural care including... - Burns and environmental injury - Burn depth/extent estimation and initial care 3 - Electrical injury and lightning 2 - Fluid resuscitation in major burns (conceptual) 2 - Heat illness and hypothermia 4 - Inhalation injury recognition 3 - Common orthopedic emergencies - Compartment syndrome and neurovascular emergencies 3 - Fracture recognition and initial management 3 - Limping child emergency differential 4 - Septic arthritis vs transient synovitis 2 - Supracondylar humerus fracture 2 - Pediatric procedural pain control and sedation (ED) - Foreign body removal procedures 3 - Laceration repair and wound care basics 3 - Local anesthesia and nerve blocks (overview) 3 - Pain assessment and multimodal analgesia 4 - Procedural sedation safety 4 - Pediatric trauma primary survey and stabilization - Abdominal trauma and FAST exam concept 3 - Head trauma assessment and imaging decisions 4 - Non-accidental trauma considerations 3 - Shock in trauma and hemorrhage control 3 - Spine precautions and airway considerations 2 ### Basic Sciences 2,168 questions #### Anatomy for anesthesia (airway, neuraxial, vascular, regional) 50 - Neuraxial anatomy and dermatomes - Dermatome and block height assessment 4 - Meninges and CSF spaces 4 - Vertebral column and ligamentous structures 4 - Peripheral nerve anatomy (regional anesthesia essentials) - Brachial plexus overview 5 - Lower limb plexuses 5 - Truncal blocks anatomy 5 - Upper airway anatomy and airway assessment landmarks - Airway examination correlates 5 - Nasal and oral cavity anatomy 4 - Pharynx and larynx anatomy 5 - Vascular access anatomy - Arterial access anatomy 4 - Central venous anatomy 5 #### Anatomy, Surgical Anatomy & Pelvic Support 70 Gross and applied anatomy relevant to obstetrics, gynecology, pelvic surgery, continence/prolapse, a... - Adnexa and tubo-ovarian anatomy - Broad ligament spaces and adnexal torsion anatomy 2 - Fallopian tube segments and function 3 - Ovary—blood supply and surgical implications 2 - Parametrium and ureteric course 2 - Pelvic sidewall landmarks 3 - Bony pelvis, pelvic diameters, and obstetric biomechanics - Anatomy relevant to operative vaginal birth 3 - Maternal pelvis shapes and relevance 3 - Mechanisms of labor and fetal head molding 3 - Pelvic floor interaction with birth 3 - Pelvimetry concepts and clinical utility 2 - Breast anatomy and lactation-relevant structures - Breast ducts, lobules, and lymphatics 3 - Breast imaging anatomy correlation 2 - Nipple–areolar complex anatomy 3 - Physiology-anatomy interface in lactation 3 - Surgical anatomy (duct excision, abscess drainage) basics 3 - Pelvic floor, continence mechanisms and anorectal anatomy - Anal sphincter complex 4 - Levator ani and fascial supports 3 - Lower urinary tract anatomy 2 - Neurovascular anatomy relevant to pelvic pain 3 - Perineum and episiotomy landmarks 3 - Uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva—applied anatomy - Cervical anatomy and transformation zone 2 - Lymphatic drainage of lower genital tract 3 - Uterine layers and supporting ligaments 3 - Vaginal anatomy and fornices 3 - Vulvar anatomy 4 #### Applied Anatomy for Emergency Care 117 Regional anatomy relevant to resuscitation, procedures, and time-critical diagnosis. - Abdominal and pelvic anatomy for acute abdomen - Appendix, bowel, mesentery 5 - Genitourinary anatomy 5 - Hepatobiliary and pancreatic anatomy 5 - Pelvic anatomy and hemorrhage 3 - Peritoneal spaces and referred pain 5 - Airway, neck, and upper aerodigestive anatomy - Airway edema/obstruction implications 5 - Larynx and trachea 4 - Neck vascular/nerve structures 4 - Surgical airway anatomy (foundational) 4 - Upper airway landmarks 5 - Musculoskeletal compartments and vascular anatomy - Compartment syndrome anatomy 4 - Fracture patterns and growth plates (intro) 5 - Major joints: stability and reduction basics 5 - Ultrasound-relevant vascular anatomy 5 - Vascular anatomy for hemorrhage control 5 - Neuroanatomy and spinal anatomy for EM - Cerebral vascular territories (exam-relevant) 5 - Intracranial compartments and herniation 4 - Ocular and orbital anatomy 5 - Peripheral nerve anatomy for injuries/blocks 5 - Spinal cord/nerve root anatomy 5 - Thoracic anatomy and pleura - Chest wall, ribs, diaphragm 5 - Mediastinum and great vessels 6 - Pericardium and cardiac anatomy basics 5 - Pleural spaces and lung lobes 5 - Procedural anatomy (thoracic) 3 #### Biochemistry, Metabolism & Nutrition 37 Core metabolic pathways, organ metabolism, and clinically important deficiencies/excesses. - Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (clinically applied) - Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis concepts 3 - Inborn errors (overview) 4 - Lipid metabolism 3 - Obesity and insulin resistance 2 - Micronutrients and deficiency syndromes - Fat-soluble vitamins 3 - Refeeding syndrome 3 - Trace elements 3 - Water-soluble vitamins 3 - Protein metabolism and liver synthetic function - Albumin and oncotic pressure 4 - Amino acid metabolism 4 - Bilirubin metabolism 3 - Coagulation factors synthesis 2 #### Cardiovascular physiology and measurement 71 - Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG basics - Arrhythmia mechanisms (exam core) 5 - Cardiac action potentials 4 - Conduction system anatomy/physiology 5 - Defibrillation/cardioversion principles 5 - ECG interpretation for anesthesia 5 - Cardiac pump function and determinants of CO - Autonomic control of circulation 5 - Determinants of SVR and MAP 4 - Frank–Starling physiology 5 - Myocardial oxygen supply/demand 5 - Pressure–volume concepts 6 - Shock physiology (core principles) 5 - Oxygen transport and hemodynamic oxygenation metrics - Hemoglobin–oxygen dissociation curve 4 - Microcirculation basics 5 - Oxygen consumption and extraction 4 - Oxygen content and delivery 4 #### Cellular & Molecular Biology 43 Core cellular structure/function and signaling relevant to disease mechanisms and therapeutics. - Cell structure, organelles, and trafficking - Cell cycle, apoptosis, necrosis 3 - Cell–cell junctions and extracellular matrix 4 - Membrane structure & transport 4 - Organelles and key functions 4 - Oncogenesis fundamentals - Cancer immunology (intro) 3 - Carcinogenesis & exposures 3 - Hallmarks of cancer (board-level) 3 - Tumor suppressors and oncogenes 4 - Signal transduction & second messengers - Inflammation signaling 4 - Pharmacologic implications 3 - Receptor classes 4 - Second messengers 4 #### Clinical epidemiology, biostatistics, and evidence-based practice 55 Board-relevant study design, diagnostic testing performance, screening, clinical decision-making, an... - Basic statistics interpretation (board level) - Confidence intervals 3 - Hypothesis testing and p-values 3 - Inter-rater reliability and kappa 2 - Measures of central tendency and spread 3 - Regression basics (conceptual) 3 - Diagnostic test characteristics - Decision rules (e.g., PECARN concept) 3 - Interpreting lab reference ranges in pediatrics 3 - Likelihood ratios and post-test probability 2 - ROC curves and thresholds (conceptual) 2 - Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values 3 - Screening principles and prevention evidence - Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) 3 - Criteria for screening programs 4 - Ethics in evidence application 3 - Number needed to treat/harm 3 - Public health measures and outbreak basics 2 - Study designs and hierarchy of evidence - Diagnostic test studies 3 - Interventional studies (RCTs) 3 - Observational studies (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) 2 - Quality improvement vs research (distinction) 3 - Systematic reviews and meta-analyses 2 #### Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (core) 76 Weight-based dosing, pediatric pharmacokinetics/dynamics, antimicrobial fundamentals, common drug cl... - Analgesia, sedation, and peri-procedural medications - Common agents and adverse effects 4 - Local anesthetics and toxicity 4 - Non-opioid analgesics 3 - Opioids and respiratory depression risk 3 - Procedural sedation core concepts 4 - Antimicrobial classes and selection (foundational) - Aminoglycosides and nephro/ototoxicity 2 - Antiviral/antifungal overview (core) 3 - Beta-lactams and cephalosporins 4 - Macrolides and atypical coverage 3 - MRSA agents (clindamycin, TMP-SMX, vancomycin, linezolid) 2 - Common pediatric chronic medication classes (core board level) - Antiepileptic drugs overview 3 - Asthma/allergy pharmacotherapy basics 4 - Cardiac medications basics 3 - Endocrine medications basics 3 - Psychotropic basics (overview) 3 - Pediatric dosing principles and medication safety - Adverse drug reaction types 3 - Medication reconciliation and error prevention 3 - Routes of administration and bioavailability 3 - Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) basics 3 - Weight-based dosing and dose limits 2 - Pediatric pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics - Absorption differences by age 3 - Distribution (body water/fat, protein binding) 3 - Elimination (renal maturation) 3 - Metabolism (hepatic enzymes) 2 - Pharmacogenomics basics (board overview) 3 #### Core anesthesia pharmacology (drug classes) 95 - Cardiovascular drugs commonly used in anesthesia - Antiarrhythmics (core familiarity) 4 - Antihypertensives and antianginals 5 - Vasopressors and inotropes 6 - Inhalational anesthetics - MAC and factors affecting MAC 6 - Organ effects and toxicity 6 - Special phenomena 5 - Uptake and distribution 4 - Intravenous induction agents and sedatives - Benzodiazepines 4 - Dexmedetomidine and alpha-2 agonists 4 - Etomidate 4 - Ketamine 5 - Propofol 5 - Neuromuscular blockers and reversal agents - Depolarizing blockade (succinylcholine) 4 - Monitoring and reversal 4 - NMJ physiology relevant to blockade 5 - Nondepolarizing blockade 4 - Opioids and adjunct analgesics - Adjuvant analgesics (exam-relevant) 4 - Common IV opioids in anesthesia 5 - Non-opioid analgesics (core) 5 - Opioid receptor pharmacology 6 #### Core Physiology and Pathophysiology 147 High-yield physiologic principles that underpin ED presentation patterns and first-line therapy. - Acid–base physiology and interpretation - Metabolic acidosis 4 - Metabolic alkalosis 5 - Osmolar gap and toxin clues 4 - Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis 5 - Systematic interpretation approach 5 - Inflammation, immunity, and sepsis pathobiology - Anaphylaxis physiology 5 - Coagulation-inflammation interface 5 - Fever physiology 4 - Host response to infection 6 - Vaccines, immunization status, and ED relevance 5 - Neurophysiology of consciousness, seizure, and delirium - Delirium and encephalopathy mechanisms 3 - Raised ICP physiology 4 - Reticular activating system and coma basics 6 - Seizure generation and termination (conceptual) 4 - Temperature and CNS function 5 - Oxygen delivery, shock physiology, and perfusion - Determinants of oxygen delivery 4 - Fluid responsiveness and endpoints 5 - Reperfusion and resuscitation complications 5 - Shock classification and physiology 6 - Vasopressors/inotropes physiology 6 - Renal physiology and electrolyte homeostasis - Acute kidney injury pathophysiology 6 - Calcium, magnesium, phosphate physiology 6 - Diuretics and renal pharmacodynamics (intro) 5 - Potassium physiology and membrane excitability 6 - Sodium and water balance 5 - Respiratory mechanics and gas exchange - Acid-base interplay in respiratory disease 4 - Hypoxemia mechanisms 5 - Ventilation strategy principles (intro) 5 - Ventilation vs oxygenation concepts 5 - Work of breathing and fatigue 4 #### Developmental physiology and anatomy 103 Age-dependent structure and function across fetal, neonatal, infant, child, and adolescent stages re... - GI, hepatic, and pancreatic developmental physiology - Bilirubin metabolism 2 - Feeding physiology and gastric emptying 4 - Gut microbiome concepts (board-relevant) 3 - Liver synthetic function and vitamin K 3 - Pancreatic function maturation 2 - Neurodevelopmental physiology (foundation) - Brain development timing and vulnerability 3 - Intracranial pressure basics 3 - Pain pathways and developmental differences 3 - Seizure physiology overview 3 - Sleep physiology across development 3 - Fetal-to-neonatal transition physiology - Cardiovascular transition and shunts 3 - Neonatal glucose homeostasis 3 - Placental to pulmonary gas exchange transition 3 - Respiratory adaptation 3 - Thermoregulation at birth 3 - Hematopoiesis and pediatric hemostasis basics - Age-based CBC norms 3 - Coagulation and bleeding evaluation foundations 3 - Hemoglobin switching and oxygen affinity 3 - Iron metabolism and erythropoiesis 3 - Transfusion medicine basics 4 - Pediatric cardiovascular physiology basics - Blood pressure norms and perfusion 3 - Cardiac output determinants by age 2 - Congenital heart physiology patterns 3 - Oxygen delivery and consumption 2 - Shock physiology overview 3 - Pediatric respiratory mechanics basics - Age-dependent airway anatomy 3 - Basic blood gas interpretation 4 - Pulmonary defense mechanisms 3 - Ventilation-perfusion relationships 3 - Work of breathing and fatigue 2 - Renal maturation and fluid homeostasis - Acid handling and bicarbonate physiology 3 - Neonatal electrolyte vulnerabilities 3 - Neonatal renal function and GFR maturation 3 - Urine output norms and interpretation 3 - Water balance regulation 3 #### Embryology, Fetal Development & Congenital Anomalies 42 Embryology and developmental physiology underpinning congenital anomalies and reproductive tract dis... - Gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation and early placentation - Amniotic fluid development and regulation 3 - Fertilization and early embryo development 2 - Implantation physiology and abnormal implantation 3 - Oogenesis and spermatogenesis essentials 3 - Placental development and cord formation 3 - Müllerian development and reproductive tract anomalies - Cervical insufficiency developmental considerations 2 - Congenital anomalies—screening principles 3 - Müllerian duct fusion and canalization 3 - Ovarian and testicular differentiation 3 - Urogenital sinus development 2 - Organogenesis and teratology timing - Common teratogens and patterns 5 - Congenital infection pathogenesis (TORCH concept) 3 - Critical periods of development 2 - Fetal growth regulation 2 - Placental transfer and fetal drug exposure 3 #### Emergency Pharmacology and Therapeutics 117 PK/PD and emergency drug classes frequently tested and used in ED resuscitation and symptom control. - Analgesia in emergency medicine - Ketamine for analgesia 3 - Non-opioid analgesics 5 - Opioid pharmacology and safe prescribing 6 - Pain syndromes and multimodal strategy 4 - Regional anesthesia principles (intro) 5 - Antimicrobials and stewardship essentials - Allergy, anaphylaxis, and cross-reactivity 5 - Antibiotic adverse effects 5 - Antiviral/antifungal (board-level) 5 - Empiric antibiotic selection principles 4 - High-yield ED syndromes (empiric) 4 - Cardiovascular and vasoactive medications - Antiarrhythmics and rate control 5 - Antihypertensives in emergencies 5 - Antithrombotics and reperfusion adjuncts 6 - Reversal agents (core overview) 5 - Vasopressors/inotropes 5 - Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics in the ED - Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination 4 - Drug interactions and adverse drug events 5 - Medication safety principles 5 - Onset/offset and context-sensitive half-time 5 - Pharmacogenomics and variability (board-level) 3 - Sedation, induction agents, and anxiolysis - Benzodiazepines 5 - Dexmedetomidine (board-level overview) 4 - Ketamine dissociation 4 - Procedural sedation safety 5 - Propofol and etomidate basics 5 #### Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Evidence-Based Medicine 45 Study design, bias, test performance, causality, and applying evidence to patient care. - Clinical guidelines and evidence synthesis - Ethics in research 3 - GRADE and strength of recommendation 3 - Implementation and de-implementation 3 - Systematic reviews/meta-analyses 3 - Diagnostic test interpretation - Bayesian reasoning 2 - Core measures 3 - ROC curves and thresholds 2 - Screening principles 3 - Study design and validity - Bias and confounding 3 - Causality and inference 3 - Interventional trials 3 - Observational designs 4 - Treatment effects and risk - Decision analysis basics 3 - Effect size measures 2 - Heterogeneity and subgroup analyses 3 - Time-to-event analysis 2 #### Fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base 83 Core calculations and physiologic reasoning for pediatric fluid management, electrolyte abnormalitie... - Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate disorders - Hypercalcemia differential and initial workup 2 - Hypomagnesemia and refractory hypokalemia/hypocalcemia 2 - Neonatal hypocalcemia (early/late) 3 - Phosphate abnormalities (refeeding, DKA) 3 - QT prolongation and electrolyte-related arrhythmias 3 - Acid–base disorders and interpretation - Bicarbonate therapy: indications and risks 4 - Metabolic acidosis differential (high vs normal anion gap) 4 - Metabolic alkalosis differential 3 - Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis scenarios 3 - Stepwise blood gas interpretation 3 - Hypernatremia in children - Central diabetes insipidus management 3 - Correction strategy and monitoring 3 - Etiologies and diagnostic approach 3 - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus basics 2 - Neurologic complications of dysnatremias 2 - Hyponatremia in children - Acute symptomatic hyponatremia management 3 - Classification by volume status 3 - Osmotic demyelination risk 2 - Pseudohyponatremia and lab pitfalls 3 - SIADH approach 3 - Maintenance fluids and dehydration management - Assessment of dehydration severity 3 - Hypernatremic dehydration 2 - IV fluid bolus and deficit replacement 3 - Maintenance fluid calculation and composition 3 - Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) 2 - Potassium disorders (hypo/hyperkalemia) - Hyperkalemia emergency management 3 - Hyperkalemia recognition and ECG changes 3 - Hypokalemia causes and evaluation 2 - Renal tubular disorders related to potassium 3 - Replacement strategies and safety 2 #### Genetics & Genomics 31 Mendelian and complex genetics, genomic medicine, and clinically actionable variants. - Complex traits and gene–environment interaction - Epigenetics 3 - Microbiome (board-level concepts) 2 - Polygenic risk concepts 3 - Somatic mosaicism & clonal hematopoiesis 2 - Genomic testing in clinical practice - Ethical issues 2 - Pharmacogenomics 3 - Testing modalities 2 - Variant interpretation 3 - Mendelian inheritance and risk - Autosomal dominant patterns 3 - Autosomal recessive patterns 3 - Mitochondrial inheritance 2 - X-linked inheritance 3 #### Genetics and metabolism (introductory) 57 Foundations of inheritance, genetic testing, dysmorphology approach, and introductory inborn error r... - Dysmorphology and congenital anomaly approach - Approach to a dysmorphic child 3 - Common genetic syndromes (core list) 3 - Referral and multidisciplinary care 2 - Syndromic vs sequence vs association concepts 3 - Teratology basics 4 - Inborn errors: pattern recognition (intro) - Hypoglycemia patterns and ketones 3 - Lactic acidosis and mitochondrial disease overview 2 - Metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia patterns 3 - Newborn with lethargy/vomiting after feeds 3 - Recurrent rhabdomyolysis and exercise intolerance 2 - Genetic testing modalities and indications - Ethical considerations in pediatric genetics 2 - Karyotype, microarray, and targeted panels 3 - Newborn screening follow-up basics 3 - Prenatal testing concepts (board-level) 2 - Single-gene sequencing and exome/genome sequencing 3 - Patterns of inheritance and pedigree interpretation - Autosomal dominant/recessive patterns 3 - Chromosomal abnormalities overview 4 - De novo variants and recurrence risk 3 - Multifactorial inheritance and risk 3 - X-linked and mitochondrial inheritance 3 #### Genetics, Immunology, Hematology & Teratology 65 Genetic principles, prenatal screening/diagnosis frameworks, immunohematology (Rh), and teratology r... - Genetic inheritance and counseling fundamentals - Carrier screening concepts 4 - Chromosomal abnormalities and mechanisms 4 - Consanguinity and risk quantification basics 2 - Genetic test ethics and informed consent 3 - Patterns of inheritance 4 - Immunohematology and alloimmunization - Fetal anemia assessment principles 2 - Non-D antibodies and clinical relevance 3 - RhD immunization prevention 3 - Thrombophilia concepts 3 - Transfusion medicine basics in OB 4 - Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing - Aneuploidy screening modalities 3 - Diagnostic procedures principles 3 - Neural tube defect screening and diagnosis 4 - Non-immune hydrops framework 3 - Screening test performance interpretation 3 - Teratology and environmental exposures - Infections as teratogens (TORCH) 4 - Medication risk frameworks 3 - Occupational/environmental hazards 4 - Radiation exposure in pregnancy 3 - Substance use and fetal effects 3 #### Hematology, Transfusion, and Evidence-Based Medicine 94 Coagulation, transfusion science, and biostatistics/EBM essentials commonly assessed in EM training... - EBM in practice: guidelines, pathways, and stewardship - Antimicrobial and imaging stewardship 4 - Applying guidelines safely 3 - Critical incident literature appraisal (M&M style) 4 - Quality metrics vs patient-centered outcomes 4 - Screening and prevention in ED context 5 - Biostatistics and clinical epidemiology for EM - Bias, confounding, and validity 4 - Clinical prediction rules and implementation 6 - Diagnostic test performance 5 - Measures of effect and uncertainty 4 - Study designs and hierarchy of evidence 5 - Hemostasis and coagulation fundamentals - Bleeding risk stratification (conceptual) 4 - Coagulopathies in the ED 6 - Heparin/DOAC physiology and lab interpretation 5 - Primary vs secondary hemostasis 6 - Thrombosis physiology 5 - Transfusion medicine and massive hemorrhage basics - Blood products and indications 5 - Hemolysis and anemia emergencies 5 - Massive transfusion principles 5 - Rh/alloimmunization principles (ED-relevant) 4 - Transfusion reactions 5 #### Immunology & Inflammation 36 Innate/adaptive immunity, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and transplant fundament... - Adaptive immunity - B cell biology and antibodies 4 - Hypersensitivity reactions 3 - T cell biology 3 - Vaccinology principles 2 - Autoimmunity and tolerance - Central and peripheral tolerance 3 - Immunodeficiency overview 3 - Systemic autoimmune disease mechanisms 3 - Transplant immunology (intro) 3 - Innate immunity and inflammation - Complement system 3 - Inflammation resolution 3 - Pattern recognition and cytokines 3 - Phagocytes and granulomatous inflammation 3 #### Immunology, inflammation, and allergy foundations 84 Fundamental immune mechanisms, hypersensitivity, primary immunodeficiency red flags, and vaccine imm... - Autoimmunity and immune dysregulation fundamentals - Autoantibodies and immune tolerance concepts 3 - Autoinflammatory syndromes (intro) 4 - Cytokine storm/HLH conceptual bridge 3 - Cytopenias and autoimmune disease links 3 - Immune-mediated kidney and skin disease examples 3 - Hypersensitivity and allergic disease mechanisms - Atopic disease spectrum 4 - Drug allergy vs intolerance 3 - Food allergy mechanisms and tolerance 4 - Type I (IgE-mediated) reactions 4 - Type II/III/IV hypersensitivity examples 4 - Innate and adaptive immune system basics - Adaptive immunity components 4 - Complement system basics 3 - Inflammation resolution and chronic inflammation 3 - Innate immunity components 4 - Mucosal immunity and IgA 3 - Primary immunodeficiency (PID) overview and red flags - Basic lab evaluation of immune function 3 - Clinical warning signs and patterns 3 - Immunization considerations in immunocompromise 3 - Secondary immunodeficiency causes 3 - T-cell vs B-cell vs phagocyte vs complement defects 4 - Vaccine immunology foundations - Active vs passive immunity principles 3 - Adjuvants and immunogenicity 3 - Herd immunity and population impact (exam framing) 4 - Live attenuated vs inactivated vaccines 3 - Vaccine adverse events and safety systems 3 #### Maternal–Fetal Physiology, Placenta & Parturition 55 Pregnancy adaptations, uteroplacental unit physiology, and labor physiology essential for safe obste... - Maternal cardiovascular and hemodynamic adaptations - Blood pressure physiology across trimesters 3 - Changes in blood volume, CO, SVR 3 - Coagulation physiology (hypercoagulability) 2 - Postpartum hemodynamic shifts 3 - Uterine blood flow physiology 2 - Placental function, transport, and endocrine activity - Amniotic fluid dynamics 3 - Maternal–fetal immunology 2 - Placental endocrine hormones 3 - Placental transport mechanisms 3 - Umbilical and fetal circulation physiology 3 - Respiratory, renal, and acid–base physiology in pregnancy - GI/hepatic adaptations 3 - Hematologic adaptations beyond coagulation 3 - Renal changes and lab interpretation 3 - Thermoregulation and skin changes 3 - Ventilatory changes and ABG interpretation 2 - Uterine contractility and cervical remodeling - Cervical ripening mechanisms 3 - Lactation physiology 3 - Myometrial excitation–contraction coupling 2 - Postpartum uterine involution 2 - Stages of labor physiology 4 #### Neurophysiology, autonomics, and thermoregulation 43 - Autonomic nervous system and reflexes - Autonomic failure and dysautonomia 6 - Key perioperative reflexes 5 - Sympathetic vs parasympathetic physiology 5 - Cerebral blood flow and intracranial dynamics - CBF regulation 5 - CSF production and drainage 4 - ICP physiology 4 - Thermoregulation and perioperative hypothermia - Anesthesia effects on temperature 5 - Complications of hypothermia 4 - Normal thermoregulatory control 5 #### Nutrition, growth biology, and metabolic fundamentals 76 Core pediatric nutrition and metabolism including breastfeeding, micronutrients, malnutrition, obesi... - Energy metabolism and common IEM overview (intro) - Acute metabolic decompensation first steps 2 - Basic pathways (glycogen, FAO, urea cycle) 4 - Hypoglycemia differential by age 3 - Newborn screen concept and limitations 2 - When to refer for metabolic/genetic evaluation 3 - Failure to thrive (FTT) and malnutrition - Definitions and anthropometric assessment 3 - Differential diagnosis framework 3 - Initial evaluation and targeted testing 3 - Multidisciplinary management and safeguarding interface 3 - Nutritional rehabilitation 3 - Infant feeding (breastfeeding and formula) - Breast milk composition and benefits (exam framing) 2 - Complementary feeding and allergen introduction 4 - Feeding difficulties and red flags 3 - Formula types and indications 4 - Lactation management basics 3 - Micronutrients and deficiency states - Iodine and thyroid development 3 - Iron deficiency and anemia prevention 2 - Vitamin A, E, K deficiencies (board-relevant) 4 - Vitamin D and calcium 4 - Zinc and trace elements 3 - Pediatric obesity and metabolic risk - BMI classification and staging 4 - Lifestyle intervention fundamentals 2 - Metabolic syndrome and NAFLD overview 3 - Obesity pharmacotherapy and bariatric basics (board overview) 3 - Weight stigma and counseling skills 3 #### Pathology & General Pathophysiology 35 General injury, repair, vascular pathology, thrombosis, and systemic responses to illness. - Cell injury and adaptation - Amyloidosis (overview) 3 - Edema and effusions pathophysiology 3 - Inflammation and repair 3 - Reversible vs irreversible injury 3 - Fever, SIRS, and sepsis biology - Biomarkers (concepts) 3 - Cytokine-mediated shock 3 - Organ dysfunction mechanisms 3 - Stress response and endocrine changes 3 - Hemostasis and thrombosis (mechanisms) - Atherosclerosis & aneurysm pathophysiology 3 - Coagulation cascade (clinical interpretation) 3 - Platelet biology 2 - Thrombosis and embolism 3 #### Pathology, Neoplasia, and Breast Pathology Foundations 73 Core gynecologic and obstetric pathology and tumor biology underpinning screening, diagnosis, and in... - Inflammation, infection, and tissue response basics - Acute vs chronic inflammation patterns 2 - Necrosis patterns relevant to OB-GYN 3 - Pathology specimen handling basics 3 - Thrombosis and embolism concepts 3 - Wound healing and scar formation 3 - Breast pathology foundations for OB-GYN - Benign breast disease 3 - Breast cancer basics for generalists 3 - Breast screening and pathology correlation 4 - High-risk lesions overview 3 - Lactation-related breast conditions 3 - Cervical pathology and HPV-mediated disease - CIN/HSIL/LSIL pathologic correlates 3 - Cytology and histology interpretation basics 3 - HPV biology and carcinogenesis 3 - Invasive cervical cancer—histology overview 3 - Vaginal/vulvar intraepithelial lesions basics 3 - Endometrial pathology and AUB foundations - Benign uterine pathology 3 - Endometrial carcinoma basics (Type 1 vs Type 2) 3 - Endometrial hyperplasia classification concepts 2 - Gestational endometrium and retained products concepts 3 - Uterine sarcomas overview 3 - Ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal tumors—foundations - Borderline tumors concepts 2 - Fallopian tube origin hypothesis for HGSC 3 - GTD pathology overview 3 - Ovarian tumor classification overview 3 - Tumor markers basics 3 #### Pharmacology fundamentals (PK/PD and drug handling) 61 - Pharmacodynamics and receptor theory - Dose–response relationships 4 - Drug interactions 5 - Pharmacogenomics (core testables) 5 - Receptor types and signaling 5 - Pharmacokinetics core concepts - Bioavailability and first-pass metabolism 5 - Compartment models and parameters 6 - Organ failure effects on PK 5 - Redistribution and tissue uptake 4 - Special populations 5 - Toxicology and adverse drug reactions - Dose-related vs idiosyncratic reactions 4 - Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (principles) 5 - Methemoglobinemia and CO toxicity (periop) 4 - Opioid toxicity and reversal 4 #### Pharmacology, Microbiology & Diagnostic Science (Core) 83 High-yield medication classes, antimicrobial principles, vaccination and infection concepts, plus di... - Diagnostic test interpretation and screening science - Bias and confounding in diagnostic studies 3 - Critical values and escalation thresholds 3 - Reference ranges and pregnancy-adjusted labs 3 - Screening program principles 3 - Test characteristics and Bayes theorem intuition 3 - Gynecologic pharmacology and contraception hormones - Antibiotics/antifungals commonly used in GYN 4 - Combined hormonal contraception (CHC) pharmacology 3 - Emergency contraception 2 - Menopause therapies 3 - Progestin-only methods 4 - Medication safety in pregnancy and lactation - Medication safety in breastfeeding 3 - Peripartum anesthesia/analgesia pharmacology basics 4 - Pharmacovigilance and counseling resources 4 - Principles of prescribing in pregnancy 3 - Teratogenic medication classes (core list) 4 - Microbiology, immunology and infection prevention - Immunization principles for OB-GYN 3 - Postoperative and postpartum infections 5 - Pregnancy infections 3 - STI microbiology essentials 3 - Vaginal microbiome and common vaginitis 4 - Obstetric medication classes - Diabetes medications in pregnancy 3 - Hypertension medications in pregnancy 3 - Thromboprophylaxis and anticoagulants 3 - Tocolytics and preterm birth meds 4 - Uterotonics and postpartum hemorrhage meds 3 #### Physics, measurement, mathematics, statistics (foundations) 56 - Radiation, MRI, and ultrasound physics (foundations) - Ionizing radiation basics 3 - MRI environment hazards 4 - Ultrasound fundamentals 4 - Electrical safety and basic electronics - Electrical hazards in OR 5 - Ohm’s law and power 5 - Flow, pressure, and resistance - Laminar vs turbulent flow 5 - Poiseuille and Bernoulli principles 5 - Gas laws and vapors relevant to anesthesia - Core gas laws 5 - Humidity and airway gas conditioning 5 - Vaporization concepts 5 - Mathematics, dosing, and basic statistics - Data interpretation basics 5 - Unit conversions and drug calculations 5 #### Physiology & Homeostasis 50 System physiology emphasizing integration and mechanisms behind common clinical syndromes. - Cardiovascular physiology - ECG electrophysiology basics 4 - Exercise physiology 3 - Hemodynamics and cardiac output 3 - Vascular biology 3 - Endocrine physiology - Calcium and bone metabolism 4 - Glucose homeostasis 4 - Hypothalamic–pituitary axes 3 - Thyroid hormone action 3 - Renal physiology & volume regulation - Acid–base renal handling 3 - Glomerular filtration and hemodynamics 3 - Tubular handling of electrolytes 3 - Water balance 3 - Respiratory physiology - Acid–base and respiratory compensation 3 - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction 2 - Lung mechanics 3 - Ventilation/perfusion and gas exchange 3 #### Reproductive Endocrinology & Menstrual Cycle Physiology 45 Hormonal regulation across lifespan: puberty, cycle, pregnancy, lactation, menopause; core board phy... - Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis regulation - Endometrial cycle and histology 3 - FSH/LH actions and ovarian steroidogenesis 3 - GnRH pulsatility and feedback loops 4 - Ovulation physiology and luteal phase 3 - Puberty physiology and normal variants 3 - Menopause and perimenopause physiology - Cardiometabolic changes around menopause 3 - Hormone therapy physiologic rationale and risks 4 - Ovarian aging and follicular depletion 3 - Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) physiology 2 - Urogenital atrophy (GSM) pathophysiology 3 - Pregnancy endocrine physiology - Calcium/vitamin D and bone metabolism 3 - hCG, corpus luteum rescue, and placental takeover 2 - Insulin resistance and metabolic adaptations 3 - Postpartum endocrine changes 3 - Thyroid physiology in pregnancy 3 #### Respiratory physiology and acid–base 73 - Acid–base and electrolytes (physiology foundations) - Anion gap and lactate interpretation 4 - Henderson–Hasselbalch and bicarbonate buffering 5 - Key electrolytes for anesthesia 5 - Stewart/strong ion approach (conceptual) 5 - Control of breathing and perioperative respiratory depression - Central and peripheral chemoreceptors 5 - Neuromuscular weakness and ventilation 4 - Ventilatory responses to anesthesia and opioids 4 - Gas exchange: diffusion, V/Q, shunt - Alveolar gas equation and A–a gradient 5 - CO2 transport and elimination 5 - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) 4 - V/Q mismatch vs shunt vs diffusion limitation 5 - Lung volumes, compliance, resistance, and work of breathing - Airway resistance and flow 4 - Closing capacity and FRC 4 - PFT patterns for anesthesia 5 - Static and dynamic compliance 6 - Ventilation distribution and time constants 3 ### Behavioral And Psychosocial Health 132 questions #### Common pediatric behavioral and mental health disorders 75 Core outpatient behavioral health presentations: ADHD, anxiety, depression, ASD, behavior problems,... - ADHD evaluation and management - Behavioral interventions and school supports 3 - Comorbidity screening 3 - Diagnostic criteria and differential 3 - Medication management (stimulants and non-stimulants) 3 - Monitoring and follow-up 4 - Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents - Common anxiety presentations by age 2 - First-line treatments 4 - Panic attacks and acute anxiety management 3 - Screening and assessment 3 - SSRI use basics and safety 4 - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurodiversity-affirming care - Behavioral supports and therapies (overview) 3 - Common comorbidities 3 - Core features and early signs 4 - Counseling families and resources 3 - Screening and referral pathways 2 - Behavior problems, ODD/conduct concerns, and aggression - Behavioral interventions and parent management training 3 - Crisis management and safety 2 - Medication role (overview) 3 - Normal vs concerning behavior by age 3 - Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder overview 3 - Depression, self-harm, and suicide risk - Depressive symptoms recognition 2 - Grief reactions and adjustment disorders 3 - Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) 3 - Suicide risk assessment and safety planning 3 - Treatment basics (therapy and SSRIs) 3 #### Psychosocial pediatrics and systems of care 57 Family systems, trauma, social stressors, cultural considerations, school collaboration, and integra... - Family systems and parenting support - Caregiver burnout and support services 2 - Divorce, custody, and blended families (overview) 3 - Family assessment in pediatrics 3 - Parenting styles and counseling 3 - Siblings and chronic illness impact 2 - Substance use and risk behaviors (intro) - Internet safety and digital wellbeing 3 - Opioid exposure and overdose prevention (overview) 3 - Sexual risk behaviors and consent (overview) 3 - Substance use screening in adolescents 3 - Vaping, cannabis, and alcohol counseling 4 - School collaboration and educational systems interface - Behavior plans and communication with educators 4 - Bullying, cyberbullying, and peer conflict 3 - IEP/504 and clinician role (overview) 2 - Learning disorders and neuropsych testing referral 3 - School avoidance and refusal 2 - Trauma-informed care and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) - Recognizing trauma exposure and symptoms 3 - Resilience-building and protective factors 3 - Screening and referral to mental health resources 2 - Special populations (foster care, refugees) 4 - Trauma-informed communication principles 2 ### Growth And Development 169 questions #### Behavioral development and parenting counseling 55 Developmentally appropriate counseling, temperament, attachment, sleep/feeding norms, and behavior m... - Temperament and attachment - Attachment development and disruption 3 - Counseling in diverse family structures 3 - Parent–child interaction assessment 3 - Postpartum mental health effects on child development 2 - Temperament traits and goodness-of-fit 3 - Toilet training and elimination development - Encopresis and constipation linkage 3 - Enuresis basics (developmental context) 3 - Normal urinary frequency patterns 3 - Red flags in elimination 3 - Toilet training readiness and approaches 3 - Discipline strategies and behavioral management counseling - Bullying and peer conflict counseling 2 - Positive parenting and reinforcement 3 - Screen time and media counseling 2 - Temper tantrums and normal opposition 3 - Time-out and limit setting 2 - Sleep development and sleep hygiene counseling - Behavioral insomnia of childhood 3 - Night terrors and parasomnias 3 - Normal sleep needs by age 3 - Safe sleep counseling 3 - Sleep-disordered breathing red flags 2 #### Developmental milestones and neurodevelopment 70 Age-appropriate milestone acquisition, screening, and early identification of developmental disorder... - Developmental screening and surveillance - Common screening tools (conceptual familiarity) 3 - Cultural and socioeconomic considerations 3 - Early intervention pathways 3 - Hearing and vision contributions to delay 3 - Surveillance vs screening (concept) 3 - Global developmental delay and intellectual disability evaluation - Comorbidity screening and management 3 - Etiology categories and prognosis counseling 3 - History and exam approach 3 - Initial investigations (evidence-based) 2 - Neuroimaging indications 2 - Milestones across domains (gross motor, fine motor, language, social) - Developmental red flags and urgent referral triggers 3 - Fine motor and vision-dependent skills 2 - Gross motor milestones 3 - Language milestones (receptive and expressive) 3 - Social-emotional and play development 3 - Motor development and neuromotor disorders (intro) - Cerebral palsy (CP) basics 3 - Developmental coordination disorder (overview) 3 - Gross motor delay evaluation 3 - Hypotonia approach 4 - Toe walking differential 2 - Speech/language and learning issues - Counseling families and coordinating supports 2 - Executive function development 3 - Language delay differential diagnosis 3 - Learning disorders and school performance 2 - Stuttering and speech sound disorders 3 #### Normal growth and physical maturation 44 Principles of normal somatic growth, puberty, and interpretation of pediatric anthropometrics. - Anthropometrics and growth chart interpretation - BMI and weight-for-length in pediatrics 4 - Bone age fundamentals 4 - Growth velocity and pattern recognition 2 - Mid-parental height and familial short stature 2 - Weight, length/height, head circumference standards 3 - Normal physical exam findings by age - Adolescent normal variants 3 - Infant and toddler exam nuances 3 - Newborn normal variants 3 - Normal neurologic exam development 3 - Red flags requiring urgent evaluation 3 - Puberty and sexual maturation (Tanner staging) - Delayed puberty evaluation 2 - Disorders of sex development (DSD) overview 3 - Menstrual physiology and normal variation 2 - Normal puberty timing and sequence 3 - Precocious puberty evaluation 4 ### Infectious And Immune Disorders 180 questions #### Antimicrobial stewardship and infection control 45 Choosing antibiotics appropriately, preventing resistance, and applying infection prevention practic... - Primary immunodeficiency and allergy/anaphylaxis (clinical) - Anaphylaxis diagnosis and management 3 - Evaluation of suspected immunodeficiency 3 - Food allergy evaluation and counseling (core) 2 - Recurrent infections: common mimics and pitfalls 3 - Urticaria and angioedema approach 3 - Principles of antimicrobial stewardship - Antibiotic allergy evaluation and delabeling (conceptual) 2 - Antibiotic-associated adverse events 3 - Diagnostic stewardship 2 - Duration of therapy concepts 3 - Narrowing therapy based on cultures 4 - Standard and transmission-based precautions - Contact, droplet, airborne isolation 4 - Hand hygiene and PPE 3 - Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) overview 3 - Outbreak management in clinics and schools 4 - Post-exposure prophylaxis for select infections 3 #### Approach to fever and serious bacterial infection 44 Risk stratification and management of febrile infants/children, sepsis evaluation, and core inpatien... - Bacterial meningitis and encephalitis (core) - Clinical presentation by age and red flags 3 - Complications and follow-up 3 - CSF interpretation basics 3 - Empiric therapy principles (conceptual) 3 - Lumbar puncture indications and contraindications 2 - Fever in neonates and young infants (0–60/90 days) - Empiric antimicrobial therapy (conceptual) 4 - Evaluation components 4 - Follow-up and culture monitoring systems 2 - Risk stratification principles (conceptual) 2 - Special scenarios 3 - Fever without source in older infants/children - Fever in special hosts 3 - Occult bacteremia era concepts 2 - Prolonged fever and fever of unknown origin (FUO) overview 3 - Sepsis recognition and management 3 - UTI as common source 4 #### Common pediatric infections by syndrome 91 Board-relevant infectious syndromes across systems: respiratory, GI, urinary, skin, bone/joint, CNS,... - Bone and joint infections - Differential diagnoses (malignancy, inflammatory) 3 - Kingella kingae considerations 3 - Lyme arthritis (regional) 2 - Osteomyelitis 3 - Septic arthritis 3 - Gastrointestinal infections and dehydration - Acute viral gastroenteritis 4 - Bacterial enteritis and dysentery 3 - C. difficile infection (overview) 3 - Parasitic diarrhea (Giardia) 3 - Viral hepatitis overview in children 4 - Lower respiratory infections (pneumonia, pertussis, TB overview) - Aspiration pneumonia and chronic lung disease infection considerations 3 - Community-acquired pneumonia management 3 - Influenza and antiviral use 4 - Pertussis 3 - Tuberculosis (TB) basics 2 - Skin and soft tissue infections - Abscess and community-associated MRSA 3 - Bite wounds and prophylaxis 3 - Impetigo and cellulitis 3 - Lymphangitis and systemic infection clues 2 - Varicella and HSV skin manifestations 3 - Upper respiratory infections and pharyngitis - Acute otitis media and otitis externa 5 - Cervical lymphadenitis and deep neck space infections 2 - Infectious mononucleosis 3 - Streptococcal pharyngitis 3 - Viral URI vs bacterial features 3 - Urinary tract infections - Diagnosis and urine collection methods 3 - Imaging after first febrile UTI (conceptual) 3 - Recurrent UTI prevention 2 - Treatment strategies and duration concepts 4 - UTI in neonates and special hosts 3 ### Neonatal And Perinatal Care 143 questions #### Common neonatal problems and early infancy presentations 86 High-frequency neonatal conditions: jaundice, feeding issues, infections, respiratory problems, cong... - Common neonatal respiratory presentations - Apnea in the newborn period 2 - Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) 2 - Neonatal pneumonia and sepsis overlap 2 - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) overview 3 - Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) 3 - Congenital anomalies recognized at birth (core) - Cardiac anomalies suspicion and initial steps 2 - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) overview 3 - GI obstruction presentations 3 - Neural tube defects and sacral anomalies 3 - Orofacial clefts and feeding/airway issues 2 - Early-onset and late-onset neonatal sepsis (principles) - Clinical presentation and evaluation 2 - Empiric antibiotic choices (conceptual) 3 - HSV infection recognition in neonate 2 - Prevention strategies (GBS prophylaxis, hygiene) 4 - Risk factors and typical organisms 2 - Neonatal feeding issues and weight loss - Breastfeeding jaundice and breast milk jaundice 3 - Cow’s milk protein allergy in infancy (overview) 3 - Expected newborn weight loss and regain 3 - Oral thrush and diaper dermatitis 4 - Vomiting in the neonate (differential) 3 - Neonatal jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia management - Exchange transfusion (overview) 4 - Kernicterus and neurotoxicity risk 3 - Phototherapy principles 3 - Physiologic vs pathologic jaundice 3 - Workup for hemolysis and cholestasis 3 - Safe discharge planning and early follow-up - Discharge readiness criteria 3 - Early outpatient follow-up planning 3 - Maternal mental health and social supports (discharge context) 3 - Parental counseling essentials 4 - Special discharge for late preterm/SGA 3 #### Delivery room and immediate newborn care 57 Transition support, stabilization, and first hours of life care including resuscitation principles a... - Initial stabilization and neonatal resuscitation principles - Chest compressions and epinephrine basics 2 - Initial steps: warmth, airway positioning, stimulation 4 - Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) fundamentals 3 - Post-resuscitation care and disposition 2 - Preparation and team roles 4 - Newborn physical exam and common normal variants - Cardiac and respiratory exam findings 3 - Genital exam and ambiguous genitalia first steps 2 - Hip exam and musculoskeletal screening 2 - Skin findings and birth trauma recognition 3 - Vital signs and gestational age assessment 3 - Routine newborn prophylaxis and screening - Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screen 2 - Hyperbilirubinemia screening approach 2 - Newborn hearing screening 3 - Newborn metabolic screen follow-up 3 - Vitamin K, eye prophylaxis, and hepatitis B vaccine 3 - Thermoregulation and glucose management in newborns - Hyperglycemia in preterm/ill neonate (overview) 2 - Hypothermia prevention and treatment 5 - Monitoring and discharge safety checks 3 - Neonatal hypoglycemia screening and thresholds (conceptual) 3 - Polycythemia and hyperviscosity (overview) 3 ### Organ System Pediatrics 628 questions #### Cardiology 74 Common pediatric cardiac presentations, congenital and acquired heart disease, murmurs, cyanosis, ar... - Approach to heart murmur - Associated symptoms and exam clues 3 - Common congenital lesions (overview) 3 - Endocarditis prophylaxis concepts 3 - Innocent vs pathologic murmurs 3 - Murmur timing and radiation interpretation 3 - Arrhythmias and syncope - Bradycardia and heart block overview 4 - Chest pain in pediatrics approach 3 - Long QT and channelopathies (board overview) 4 - SVT recognition and acute management 3 - Syncope evaluation 3 - Cyanosis and congenital heart disease - Central vs peripheral cyanosis evaluation 3 - Cyanotic spells (TOF) management 3 - Ductal-dependent lesions 3 - Mixing lesions and parallel circulation 3 - Pulmonary hypertension in pediatrics (overview) 2 - Heart failure and cardiomyopathy - Arrhythmias causing cardiomyopathy (tachycardia-induced) 3 - Clinical recognition in infants and children 3 - Etiologies by age 3 - Initial management principles 2 - Myocarditis and pericarditis basics 2 - Hypertension and hyperlipidemia (core) - Accurate BP measurement and interpretation 3 - Dyslipidemia screening and management overview 4 - Initial evaluation and management 3 - Kawasaki disease coronary follow-up linkage 2 - Secondary hypertension causes by age 3 #### Endocrinology 70 Diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal disorders, growth disorders, puberty disorders, calcium/vitamin D... - Calcium/vitamin D and bone metabolism - Bone health in chronic disease 3 - Disorders of phosphate handling (overview) 3 - Hypercalcemia differential (peds) 3 - Hypocalcemia emergencies 3 - Rickets and vitamin D deficiency 3 - Adrenal and pituitary disorders - Adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis 2 - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) basics 2 - Cushing syndrome overview 3 - Diabetes insipidus vs SIADH (endocrine perspective) 2 - Pituitary tumors and hypopituitarism overview 3 - Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) - Diabetes technology (overview) 3 - Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) basics 4 - Hypoglycemia recognition and treatment 3 - Type 1 diabetes presentation and diagnosis 3 - Type 2 diabetes in youth overview 3 - Growth disorders and short/tall stature - Growth hormone deficiency overview 3 - Growth hormone therapy indications (overview) 3 - Precocious and delayed puberty linkages 2 - Short stature evaluation framework 3 - Tall stature differential 3 - Thyroid disorders - Acquired hypothyroidism (Hashimoto) 2 - Congenital hypothyroidism 4 - Hyperthyroidism (Graves) overview 3 - Sick euthyroid syndrome pitfalls 2 - Thyroid nodules and cancer risk (overview) 2 #### Gastroenterology and Hepatology 85 Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, GI bleeding, IBD overview, liver disease patterns,... - GI bleeding and anemia-related GI issues - Intussusception and ischemic bleeding 3 - Lower GI bleeding (hematochezia) approach 3 - Occult blood and iron deficiency evaluation 2 - Upper GI bleeding (hematemesis, melena) approach 4 - Variceal bleeding and portal hypertension (overview) 3 - Hepatobiliary disease patterns - Acute hepatitis and elevated transaminases 3 - Cholestasis in infants 3 - Gallstones and biliary colic (pediatrics) 2 - Liver synthetic dysfunction and coagulopathy 3 - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) overview 3 - Approach to abdominal pain - Biliary and pancreatic pain (overview) 2 - Constipation-related pain 3 - Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) 3 - Inflammatory causes (IBD) suspicion 3 - Red flags and urgent surgical causes 3 - Constipation and encopresis - Disimpaction strategies 2 - Encopresis and psychosocial impact 2 - Functional constipation diagnosis and red flags 3 - Maintenance therapy and relapse prevention 2 - Secondary causes (Hirschsprung, hypothyroid, celiac) 3 - Diarrhea and malabsorption - Acute diarrhea evaluation and ORT 4 - Celiac disease 2 - Lactose intolerance and carbohydrate malabsorption 4 - Persistent/chronic diarrhea differential 3 - Protein-losing enteropathy (overview) 2 - Vomiting and GERD - Antiemetics and dehydration management 3 - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) vs GERD 2 - Increased ICP and systemic causes of vomiting 3 - Rumination and eating disorder-related vomiting (overview) 3 - Vomiting differential by age (non-bilious vs bilious) 4 #### Hematology and Oncology 62 Anemias, hemoglobinopathies, bleeding disorders, thrombosis, leukemias/lymphomas (recognition), and... - Approach to anemia in children - Hemolytic anemia overview 3 - Iron deficiency anemia management 3 - MCV-based differential diagnosis 4 - Reticulocyte count interpretation 3 - Transfusion decisions (anemia) 4 - Bleeding and clotting disorders - Approach to bruising and bleeding 4 - Coagulation test interpretation 3 - Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease 3 - ITP and thrombocytopenia evaluation 3 - Thrombosis and anticoagulation basics (overview) 4 - Hemoglobinopathies and sickle cell disease - Acute chest syndrome and vaso-occlusive crises 3 - Newborn screening and counseling 3 - Sickle cell disease baseline management 4 - Splenic sequestration and aplastic crisis 2 - Thalassemia overview 3 - Leukemia/lymphoma recognition and oncologic emergencies - CBC abnormalities suggesting leukemia 2 - Febrile neutropenia principles 2 - Mediastinal mass syndrome 2 - Red flags for malignancy in children 3 - Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) 4 #### Nephrology and Urology 74 Hematuria/proteinuria, nephrotic/nephritic syndromes, AKI, electrolytes, UTI imaging, congenital ano... - Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) overview - AKI definitions and staging (conceptual) 3 - AKI initial management 3 - CKD complications (overview) 3 - Dialysis and transplant basics (board overview) 3 - Postrenal obstruction recognition 3 - Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) and voiding disorders - Antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation 3 - Enuresis and bladder/bowel dysfunction 3 - Posterior urethral valves (PUV) 3 - UTI prevention counseling and hygiene 3 - Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) overview 3 - Hematuria evaluation - Common glomerular causes 3 - Glomerular vs non-glomerular sources 2 - Microscopic vs gross hematuria 3 - Referral criteria to nephrology/urology 3 - Stones and hypercalciuria (overview) 3 - Nephritic syndromes and glomerulonephritis - Acute post-streptococcal GN 3 - Hypertensive urgency in nephritic syndrome 2 - IgA nephropathy / IgA vasculitis nephritis 3 - Membranoproliferative GN and complement disorders (overview) 3 - Rapidly progressive GN (RPGN) overview 3 - Proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome - Complications and prophylaxis 3 - Nephrotic syndrome (minimal change) presentation 3 - Screening and quantification 3 - Steroid therapy principles and response monitoring 4 - When to biopsy and refer 3 #### Neurology 60 Headache, seizures, developmental neurology, neuromuscular disorders, and common neurologic emergenc... - Neurodevelopmental and movement disorders (core overview) - Ataxia differential 3 - Cerebral palsy recognition and classification 3 - Dystonia and chorea (overview) 3 - Neurocutaneous syndromes (overview) 3 - Tics and Tourette syndrome 3 - Headache and migraine - Acute migraine management 2 - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension overview 3 - Preventive therapy overview 3 - Primary headache types in children 4 - Secondary headache red flags 4 - Neuromuscular weakness and hypotonia - Central vs peripheral hypotonia differentiation 2 - Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) basics 3 - Muscular dystrophy and Gowers sign 3 - Myasthenia gravis and botulism overview 4 - Spinal muscular atrophy (overview) 3 - Seizure disorders and epilepsy (outpatient framework) - Antiseizure medications: common adverse effects 4 - Common epilepsy syndromes (board overview) 3 - Febrile seizures counseling 2 - Initial evaluation after first unprovoked seizure 3 - Seizure classification basics 2 #### Pulmonology and Sleep 74 Wheezing disorders, asthma, chronic cough, pneumonia, CF overview, sleep-disordered breathing, and p... - Sleep-disordered breathing and pediatric sleep disorders (core) - Evaluation and polysomnography concepts 3 - Management pathways 3 - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) recognition 2 - Parasomnias and restless sleep 3 - Sleep hygiene counseling in pediatrics 4 - Asthma diagnosis and long-term management - Asthma diagnosis criteria and differential 4 - Asthma education and inhaler technique 4 - Severe asthma and referral indications 2 - Stepwise controller therapy (conceptual) 3 - Trigger management and comorbidities 4 - Bronchiolitis, recurrent wheeze, and early childhood wheezing phenotypes - Bronchiolitis supportive care and complications 4 - Chronic lung disease of prematurity (overview) 2 - Episodic viral wheeze vs early asthma 3 - Foreign body aspiration 2 - Stridor and upper airway disorders 4 - Chronic cough and recurrent respiratory infections - Aspiration and swallowing dysfunction 3 - Cough duration approach (acute/subacute/chronic) 3 - Cystic fibrosis overview and screening linkage 2 - Immunodeficiency linkage and evaluation triggers 2 - Primary ciliary dyskinesia (overview) 3 - Pneumonia, pleural effusion, and empyema - Atypical and aspiration pneumonia 3 - CAP diagnosis and outpatient/inpatient decisions 3 - Complicated pneumonia (effusion/empyema) 3 - Necrotizing pneumonia and lung abscess (overview) 2 - Recurrent pneumonia evaluation 3 #### Rheumatology 129 Common inflammatory disorders, vasculitis, arthritis, periodic fever syndromes overview, and managem... - SLE and systemic autoimmune disease (overview) - Autoantibody testing and interpretation 3 - Lupus nephritis overview 3 - Medication adverse effects and monitoring 4 - Pediatric SLE presentation patterns 4 - Vasculitis and connective tissue diseases (board overview) 3 - Dermatology - Acne and adolescent dermatology basics 3 - Atopic dermatitis and eczema management 3 - Common pediatric rashes and exanthems 4 - Hemangiomas and vascular lesions (overview) 4 - Neonatal skin conditions 3 - Skin findings suggesting systemic disease 3 - Urticaria, angioedema, and drug rashes 3 - ENT and Ophthalmology - Conjunctivitis and eye emergencies 3 - Dizziness/vertigo in children (overview) 4 - Epistaxis and nasal obstruction 3 - Hearing loss evaluation basics 3 - Otitis media with effusion and recurrent AOM 4 - Pharyngitis and peritonsillar/retropharyngeal abscess 4 - Vision screening abnormalities and amblyopia prevention 3 - IgA vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura) - Clinical features and diagnosis 3 - Complications 2 - Differential diagnosis of purpura 3 - Renal involvement monitoring 3 - Treatment and indications for steroids 2 - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) - Initial treatment principles 3 - JIA subtypes and presentation patterns 3 - Rehabilitation and functional outcomes 3 - Systemic JIA and MAS (overview) 3 - Uveitis screening 2 - Kawasaki disease - Coronary artery aneurysm follow-up 4 - Diagnostic criteria and incomplete Kawasaki 4 - Kawasaki shock syndrome (overview) 3 - MIS-C vs Kawasaki differentiation (overview) 2 - Treatment (IVIG and aspirin) 3 - Musculoskeletal and Orthopedics - Bone metabolism and fracture risk (overview) 3 - Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) 4 - Limping child evaluation 3 - SCFE and adolescent hip pain 3 - Scoliosis and back pain red flags 3 - Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis 3 - Sports injuries and overuse (overview) 3 ### Preventive And Community Care 141 questions #### Community pediatrics and population health 61 Social determinants of health, health equity, school health, community resources, public health prin... - Child advocacy and public health policy (board overview) - Disaster preparedness and emergency planning for families 3 - Global child health (core concepts) 4 - Immigrant/refugee child health basics 5 - Public insurance and access to care concepts 3 - Screening programs and population interventions 3 - Care delivery systems in ambulatory pediatrics - Chronic disease management in the community 3 - Medical home and care coordination 2 - Population health metrics and quality measures (overview) 3 - Telehealth and remote monitoring (overview) 4 - Vaccination storage and clinic operations safety 2 - School health and learning environment - Attendance, chronic absenteeism, and health 3 - Behavioral health integration with schools 3 - Infectious disease control in schools 3 - School physicals and participation forms 3 - Special education supports (overview) 3 - Social determinants of health (SDOH) screening and intervention - Food insecurity and nutrition access 3 - Housing instability and environmental risk 3 - Language access and health literacy 3 - Racism, bias, and equity in child health 3 - Transportation and access barriers 2 #### Health supervision and preventive counseling 80 Well-child care schedules, anticipatory guidance, screening, injury prevention, and age-based counse... - Adolescent preventive care and risk reduction - Confidentiality and consent in adolescent care (preventive framing) 3 - Eating disorders and body image screening 3 - Sexual and reproductive health screening and counseling 4 - Substance use prevention and intervention 4 - Violence, bullying, and relationship safety 3 - Immunizations (routine and special situations) - Catch-up immunization strategies 3 - Post-exposure prophylaxis and outbreak vaccination 3 - Routine childhood immunization principles 2 - Special populations (immunocompromised, pregnancy exposure, asplenia) 4 - Vaccine hesitancy counseling 2 - Injury prevention and safety counseling - Drowning prevention 5 - Firearm injury prevention 3 - Motor vehicle safety 4 - Poisoning prevention 3 - Sports and recreation safety 3 - Screening in primary care (age-appropriate) - Anemia/lead and other lab screening 3 - Hearing screening 4 - Mental health and substance use screening 3 - Newborn screening and early infancy preventive care 3 - Vision screening 3 - Well-child visit structure and age-based priorities - Anticipatory guidance frameworks 3 - Care coordination and follow-up planning 3 - Developmental/behavioral surveillance integration 3 - Periodic health supervision timing (conceptual schedule) 3 - Vital signs and growth monitoring 3 ### Professional Practice 276 questions #### Communication, Teamwork, and Patient-Centered Care 26 Core communication behaviors, empathy under pressure, and effective teamwork. - Patient-centered communication in the ED - Agenda setting and expectation management 3 - Communicating uncertainty and risk 3 - Cross-cultural communication 3 - Delivering difficult news (foundational) 2 - Managing challenging interactions 3 - Teamwork and leadership basics - Closed-loop communication 2 - Conflict management basics 2 - Debriefing and reflective practice (intro) 2 - Handover and transitions 3 - Situational awareness and workload management 3 #### Ethics, Consent, and Legal Interfaces 39 Foundational professional obligations, capacity, consent, and ED medicolegal responsibilities. - Consent and decision-making capacity - Capacity assessment framework 2 - Informed consent in the ED 3 - Refusal of care and AMA discharge 2 - Resuscitation status and goals-of-care basics 3 - Surrogate decision-makers and minors 4 - Documentation Standards and Risk Management - Avoiding biased/stigmatizing language 2 - Handover documentation 3 - Medical decision making (MDM) clarity 3 - Procedure documentation 2 - Results follow-up and callbacks 3 - Mandatory reporting and safeguarding duties - Child abuse reporting 2 - Death certification and coroner/ME interface (awareness) 2 - Fitness to drive/duty to warn (contextual awareness) 2 - Reportable infectious diseases (awareness) 2 - Sexual assault and IPV documentation 4 #### Ethics, law, and professional responsibilities 90 Consent/assent, confidentiality, decision-making standards, safeguarding/reporting obligations, and... - Research literacy and statistics for clinicians - Critical appraisal of medical literature 3 - Data safety and privacy (overview) 3 - Ethics in research and publication 3 - Interpreting common statistical outputs 4 - Practice improvement through audit (overview) 3 - Child protection duties and reporting (core professional practice) - Communication with caregivers in suspected abuse 2 - Mandatory reporting principles 3 - Medical mimics and avoiding diagnostic error 4 - Professional boundaries and self-care after difficult cases 3 - Recognizing possible abuse and neglect (overview) 3 - Communication skills and professionalism - Conflict resolution and teamwork 3 - Cultural humility and cross-cultural communication 3 - Delivering difficult news and serious illness communication 3 - Documentation and medicolegal quality 3 - Professionalism lapses and remediation awareness 3 - Confidentiality and privacy in adolescent care - Creating confidential time in visits 3 - Electronic communication professionalism 3 - Information sharing with schools and agencies 2 - Mandatory disclosure exceptions 2 - Sensitive services (sexual health, mental health, substance use) 2 - Consent, assent, and capacity in pediatrics - Mature minor and emancipated minor concepts (jurisdiction-dependent) 3 - Parental permission vs child assent 4 - Refusal of treatment and best interest standard 3 - Research consent in minors (overview) 3 - Shared decision-making and informed consent elements 4 - Quality, safety, and clinical governance - Error disclosure and apology 3 - Infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship (professional practice) 3 - Medication and diagnostic safety in pediatrics 3 - Patient safety fundamentals 3 - Quality improvement (QI) methods 3 #### Ethics, Law, Consent & Safeguarding 75 Professional standards for consent, confidentiality, capacity, boundaries, documentation, reporting,... - Confidentiality, privacy, and mandated reporting concepts - Adolescent confidentiality (principles) 2 - Confidentiality principles in sexual and reproductive care 3 - Human trafficking awareness 3 - Mandatory reporting (conceptual, jurisdiction-dependent) 3 - Safeguarding: IPV and sexual violence 3 - Evidence-Based Practice, Research Literacy & Guideline Use - Applying guidelines to individuals 3 - Clinical ethics in evidence translation 2 - Critical appraisal of clinical studies 3 - Research integrity and publication ethics 3 - Statistics commonly tested 3 - Informed consent and refusal of care - Consent for learners and sensitive exams 4 - Consent in emergencies 2 - Elements of informed consent 4 - Procedural consent specifics 4 - Refusal of recommended treatment 4 - Patient Safety, Quality Improvement, and Risk Management - Clinical governance and incident reporting 3 - Medicolegal risk reduction 3 - Obstetric safety bundles (conceptual) 2 - Quality improvement methods 3 - Safety culture and error science 3 - Professionalism, Teamwork, Education & Wellbeing - Clinician wellbeing and burnout prevention 3 - Equity, diversity, and respectful care 4 - Interprofessional teamwork and communication 3 - Professional boundaries and social media 2 - Teaching and supervision (clinical educator basics) 3 #### Quality, Safety, and Systems (Foundational) 46 Basics of patient safety, quality improvement, infection control, and ED operations awareness. - ED operations and flow (intro) - Consultation pathways and transfer 3 - Discharge processes and health system navigation 3 - Equity and access in ED care 3 - Handoffs and staffing considerations 3 - Throughput basics 4 - Professionalism, wellness, and boundaries - Ethical prescribing and controlled substances 3 - Fatigue, burnout, and error risk 3 - Professional boundaries and social media awareness 2 - Professional conduct and accountability 4 - Teaching and supervision basics 3 - Patient safety fundamentals - Diagnostic error mitigation 3 - High-risk medications and dosing safety 2 - Incident reporting and learning systems 3 - Infection prevention and PPE 3 - Violence prevention and workplace safety 4 Pediatrics Advanced Pathway ### Adolescent And Transition Care 121 questions #### Adolescent medicine and confidential care 83 Comprehensive adolescent health: confidentiality, sexual/reproductive health, substance use, mental... - Gender, identity, and adolescent psychosocial development (principles) - Depression, anxiety, and suicide risk in adolescents 3 - Gender diversity affirming care principles 3 - Normal identity development and psychosocial tasks 3 - Online safety and exploitation risks 2 - Sexual orientation and minority stress (overview) 3 - Sports participation and adolescent health maintenance - Concussion management and return-to-play/learn 3 - Heat illness and hydration strategies 3 - Injury prevention and overuse in adolescents 3 - Preparticipation evaluation (PPE) and cardiac screening concepts 2 - Substance use in sports (supplements, steroids) 3 - Confidentiality, consent, and communication in adolescent care - Assessing decision-making capacity and risk 3 - Cultural humility and inclusive care 3 - Mandatory reporting and safety exceptions 2 - Structuring the visit with private time 3 - Transitioning responsibility from parents to youth 3 - Eating disorders and adolescent nutrition - Anorexia nervosa and restrictive eating disorders 3 - ARFID in adolescents (overview) 2 - Athlete triad / RED-S (overview) 2 - Body image, weight stigma, and counseling 3 - Bulimia nervosa and purging behaviors 3 - Sexual and reproductive health - Contraception counseling and provision (overview) 3 - Menstrual disorders in adolescents (advanced overview) 3 - Pregnancy testing and options counseling (overview) 2 - Pubertal development and normal sexual health counseling 3 - STI screening, diagnosis, and prevention 2 - Substance use and risk behaviors - Alcohol use and poisoning risk 3 - Nicotine/vaping and cannabis 3 - Opioids and overdose prevention 3 - Risky driving, violence, and legal risks 3 - Screening and brief intervention 3 #### Transition to adult care for chronic disease 38 Structured transition planning, adherence, self-management skills, and handover for common pediatric... - Adherence, risk reduction, and psychosocial supports - Emergency preparedness and self-advocacy 2 - Medication adherence strategies 3 - Mental health comorbidity screening 2 - Reproductive health counseling in chronic disease 3 - Social determinants and transition success 2 - Disease-specific transition considerations (selected) - Congenital heart disease transition 3 - Cystic fibrosis transition 3 - Inflammatory bowel disease transition 3 - Sickle cell disease transition 2 - Type 1 diabetes transition 3 - Transition planning frameworks - Handover communication and summaries 2 - Health literacy and developmental considerations 4 - Legal changes at age of majority 2 - Quality metrics and barriers in transition (overview) 2 - Readiness assessment and milestones 2 ### Advanced Basic Sciences 92 questions #### Advanced cardiopulmonary physiology and monitoring 38 Deeper physiologic reasoning for high-acuity scenarios: ventilation/perfusion, mechanics, hemodynami... - Advanced fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base - Complex acid–base analysis 3 - DKA electrolyte and osmolality management nuances 3 - Hyponatremia management in CNS disease and SIADH 2 - Massive transfusion and coagulopathy physiology 2 - Renal replacement therapy effects on electrolytes/drugs (overview) 3 - Advanced respiratory mechanics and ventilation strategies - Compliance, resistance, and time constants 3 - Gas exchange and oxygenation indices 2 - Noninvasive respiratory support escalation 2 - Permissive hypercapnia and lung-protective ventilation 2 - Ventilator modes and settings (conceptual mastery) 3 - Hemodynamics, shock physiology, and vasoactive pharmacology - Fluid responsiveness and overload harm 3 - Hemodynamic profiles and bedside assessment 2 - Microcirculation and lactate kinetics 2 - Post-cardiac arrest physiology overview 3 - Vasoactive agents selection principles 3 #### Advanced clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 54 Complex dosing, drug interactions, organ dysfunction dosing, sedation/analgesia strategies, and anti... - Evidence appraisal and diagnostic reasoning (advanced) - Advanced diagnostic test interpretation 3 - Clinical prediction models and calibration 2 - Critical care research literacy (overview) 2 - Diagnostic error and cognitive debiasing 3 - Guideline appraisal and applying to complex patients 3 - Antimicrobial optimization and complex infections (advanced principles) - Antibiotic resistance mechanisms (board-relevant) 3 - Antifungal and antiviral therapeutics (advanced overview) 4 - Broad-spectrum selection and de-escalation 3 - Pharmacodynamics and dosing strategies 2 - Source control and ID consultation triggers 3 - Drug dosing in organ dysfunction (renal/hepatic) - Drug–drug interactions in pediatrics 3 - Hepatic dysfunction dosing considerations 2 - Obesity dosing strategies 2 - Renal dosing adjustments 3 - Therapeutic drug monitoring (advanced) 3 - Sedation, analgesia, and delirium in critically ill children - Analgesia-first sedation concept 2 - Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) overview 3 - Pediatric delirium recognition and management 3 - Sedative agents selection and adverse effects 3 - Withdrawal and weaning 2 ### Child Protection And Safeguarding 69 questions #### Recognition and medical evaluation of maltreatment 69 Physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect recognition, differential diagnosis, documentation, re... - Maltreatment mimics and special considerations - Accidental injury patterns and developmental plausibility 3 - Bleeding disorders workup in concerning bruising 2 - Bone disease mimics 3 - Dermatologic mimics of injury 3 - Safeguarding in children with disability and communication barriers 2 - Documentation, reporting, and legal processes - Bias, equity, and avoiding disparities in reporting 3 - Court testimony basics (overview) 3 - High-quality medical documentation for safeguarding cases 3 - Mandatory reporting workflow and collaboration 2 - Trauma-informed care for child and family 3 - Neglect, medical neglect, and emotional abuse - Emotional abuse and exposure to domestic violence 3 - Failure to thrive and neglect interface 2 - Medical neglect 2 - Physical neglect and unsafe environments 3 - Substance-exposed caregiving and safeguarding 3 - Physical abuse recognition and injury pattern analysis - Abusive head trauma (AHT) recognition 3 - Bruising patterns and sentinel injuries 3 - Burns and scald injuries 3 - Differential diagnosis and medical mimics 4 - Fractures suspicious for abuse 2 - Sexual abuse evaluation (medical aspects) - History-taking principles and forensic interface 3 - Mandatory reporting and multidisciplinary coordination 3 - Physical exam principles and limitations 2 - Sex trafficking and exploitation recognition (overview) 3 - STI testing and prophylaxis concepts 3 ### Complex And Palliative Care 117 questions #### Children with medical complexity and technology dependence 60 Longitudinal management of medically complex children, coordination across settings, and safe care o... - Care coordination and the medical home for complexity - Complex care planning and shared goals 3 - Health equity and caregiver burden 3 - Medication and equipment reconciliation 2 - Preventive care adaptations in complex children 3 - Transitions across settings (hospital-home-school) 4 - Enteral feeding tubes and nutrition support - Aspiration risk and feeding regimens 3 - Ethical issues in long-term tube feeding 2 - Gastrostomy and jejunostomy tube care 2 - Nutrition monitoring and complications 3 - Short bowel and intestinal failure (overview) 3 - Neurologic complexity (severe epilepsy, neuromuscular disease) - Caregiver support and respite 4 - Communication impairment supports 4 - Neuromuscular respiratory failure planning 3 - Refractory epilepsy care planning 3 - Spasticity, dystonia, and pain management 3 - Tracheostomy and chronic respiratory support - Airway clearance and secretion management 2 - Chronic ventilation (invasive and noninvasive) 4 - Family training, emergency plans, and community integration 4 - Respiratory infections and antibiotic decisions in trach patients 2 - Routine tracheostomy care and complications 3 #### Pediatric palliative care and symptom management 57 Symptom control, communication, ethical decision making, and end-of-life care including bereavement... - Core principles of pediatric palliative care - Assessing goals, values, and quality of life 3 - Communication in serious illness 3 - Cultural and spiritual considerations 4 - Ethics: withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment 3 - Palliative care vs hospice distinctions 3 - End-of-life care and bereavement - After-death care and legal documentation (overview) 2 - Bereavement support 3 - Clinician wellbeing and debriefing 2 - Location of death planning (home/hospital/hospice) 4 - Recognizing dying trajectory and preparing families 3 - Non-pain symptom management - Agitation and delirium in palliative settings 3 - Dyspnea management 2 - Nausea/vomiting and constipation 3 - Secretion management 2 - Seizures at end of life 2 - Pain management in palliative care - Adjuvant analgesics 3 - Opioid stewardship and risk mitigation 3 - Opioid therapy principles 3 - Pain assessment in nonverbal children 2 - Procedural and acute pain episodes 4 ### Critical And Emergency Care 93 questions #### High-acuity resuscitation and ICU syndromes 93 Advanced management of shock, respiratory failure, severe neurologic emergencies, DKA, toxicology, t... - Advanced airway and mechanical ventilation in ICU/ED - ARDS and severe hypoxemia strategies 3 - Difficult airway rescue and failed airway algorithms 2 - Post-intubation management 3 - Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) planning 3 - Status asthmaticus ventilation pitfalls 3 - Crisis resource management (CRM) and systems skills - Ethics in critical care decisions (overview) 2 - Handoffs, transport, and escalation 3 - Human factors and error prevention in ICU/ED 3 - Procedural competence and complication management 3 - Team leadership and communication in resuscitation 3 - DKA, HHS, and endocrine emergencies in critical care - Adrenal crisis and severe hypoglycemia 2 - Cerebral edema recognition and treatment 3 - DKA protocol nuances (advanced) 3 - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) in youth (overview) 2 - Thyroid storm and myxedema (rare) 2 - Neurologic critical care: status epilepticus, ICP, coma - Coma evaluation in ICU 2 - Increased intracranial pressure and herniation management 2 - Post-cardiac arrest care (overview) 3 - Refractory status epilepticus management 2 - Sedation confounders and brain death basics (overview) 4 - Septic shock advanced management - Adjunctive therapies and source control 3 - Complications (DIC, AKI, ARDS) 3 - Early recognition and time-sensitive interventions 3 - Monitoring and endpoints of resuscitation 3 - Vasoactive choice tailoring 2 - Toxicology and environmental emergencies (advanced) - Envenomation and toxic exposures (overview) 3 - High-risk cardiovascular toxin ingestions 3 - Serotonin syndrome vs NMS 2 - Severe acetaminophen and salicylate poisoning 3 - Toxic alcohols and metabolic acidosis 3 - Trauma critical care and hemorrhage control - Abdominal trauma and solid organ injury management 2 - Massive hemorrhage and transfusion strategy (conceptual) 2 - Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) principles 2 - Spinal cord injury and neurogenic shock 3 - Thoracic trauma and tension pneumothorax 3 ### Developmental And Behavioral Pediatrics 65 questions #### Neurodisability and complex developmental medicine 65 Cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, complex ASD/ADHD, sleep/feeding disorders, multidisciplinar... - Feeding disorders and ARFID (advanced overview) - Aspiration and oropharyngeal dysphagia management 3 - Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) 3 - Family-centered counseling and caregiver stress 2 - Pediatric feeding disorder framework 2 - Tube feeding and weaning principles 3 - Autism and neurodevelopmental differences (advanced) - Behavioral challenges (irritability, aggression) 3 - Comprehensive evaluation in complex ASD 3 - Family counseling and neurodiversity-affirming practice 3 - School supports and transition planning 2 - Sensory processing and OT interventions (overview) 2 - Cerebral palsy (CP) comprehensive management - Classification and functional assessment 3 - Feeding, nutrition, and aspiration management 3 - Hip surveillance and orthopedic complications 3 - Pain, sleep, and quality of life 2 - Tone management strategies 4 - Complex ADHD and comorbidity management - ADHD with anxiety/depression 2 - ADHD with autism and developmental delay 3 - ADHD with learning disorders and executive dysfunction 2 - Substance use risk and diversion prevention 2 - Tics and ADHD 3 - Sleep disorders in neurodevelopmental conditions - Insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders 3 - Medication contributors to sleep problems 2 - Parasomnias vs nocturnal seizures 3 - Restless sleep and iron deficiency 2 - Sleep-disordered breathing in special populations 2 ### Genetics And Metabolism 98 questions #### Genetic testing, counseling, and dysmorphology (advanced) 29 Rational test selection, interpretation of results, genotype–phenotype reasoning, and ethical counse... - Dysmorphology and syndrome recognition (advanced set) - Approach to multiple congenital anomalies 3 - Common microdeletion/duplication syndromes (overview) 3 - Connective tissue disorders (Marfan/EDS) overview 3 - Genetic short stature syndromes (overview) 4 - RASopathies overview 3 - Advanced test selection and interpretation - Ethical issues: testing minors, carrier testing, and privacy 3 - Microarray vs exome/genome vs targeted testing 2 - Prenatal genetics interface (advanced overview) 4 - Secondary findings and incidental results 2 - Variant interpretation and counseling (VUS) 2 #### Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) and metabolic emergencies 69 Recognition and immediate management of metabolic decompensation, plus core IEM categories and board... - Mitochondrial and lysosomal/peroxisomal disorders (overview) - Lysosomal storage disorders overview 3 - Mitochondrial disease red flags 3 - Peroxisomal disorders overview 3 - Porphyria awareness (rare but testable) 3 - Supportive care and palliative considerations 3 - Organic acidemias - Acute management concepts 3 - Long-term management overview 4 - Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) 3 - Methylmalonic acidemia specifics (overview) 3 - Presentation and lab patterns 2 - Approach to acute metabolic decompensation - Avoiding iatrogenic harm 2 - Counseling and emergency plans for families 2 - Hyperammonemia management 3 - Initial stabilization and stopping catabolism 2 - Key diagnostic labs (critical sample) 2 - Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD) - Acute management 2 - Chronic management and prevention 3 - Clinical presentation and hypoketotic hypoglycemia 2 - Diagnostic testing and newborn screening 3 - MCAD deficiency core board details 2 - Urea cycle disorders - Acute management 3 - Chronic management overview 4 - Clinical presentation patterns 3 - Diagnostic approach 3 - Medication contraindications and perioperative planning 3 ### Leadership And Scholarship 131 questions #### Advocacy, policy, and professional identity 14 Advocacy for patients and populations, policy literacy, and maintaining professional wellbeing and s... - Mental health policy literacy (overview) - Financing, parity, and service design concepts 3 - Advocacy for mental health equity - Social determinants and structural stigma 3 - Professional wellbeing and sustaining a career - Burnout prevention and boundaries 4 - Ethics in leadership roles 4 #### Clinical leadership and service management 20 Leadership competencies for psychiatrists, including team management, change leadership, and resourc... - Change management and implementation - Implementation science basics 3 - Leadership styles and team dynamics - Interdisciplinary teamwork and delegation 5 - Situational leadership and psychological safety 3 - Quality, safety, and governance in mental health services - Clinical governance and incident review 5 - Risk management at service level 4 #### Education, supervision, and assessment 17 Teaching skills, curriculum design, supervision, and assessment aligned with competency frameworks. - Curriculum and exam blueprint literacy - Learning objectives and alignment 3 - Clinical teaching and feedback - Bedside/clinic teaching models 4 - Feedback and remediation 3 - Supervision and trainee assessment - Entrustment and graded responsibility 3 - Workplace-based assessments (overview) 4 #### Quality improvement, safety, and systems-based practice 60 QI methodology, patient safety event analysis, guideline implementation, stewardship, and leading te... - Research methods, teaching, and leadership - Ethics, IRB, and dissemination 3 - Feedback, coaching, and assessment 3 - Leadership in clinical teams 4 - Research design and statistics (advanced overview) 4 - Teaching skills and curriculum design 3 - Resource stewardship and guideline implementation - Antimicrobial stewardship programs (systems level) 2 - Choosing tests and treatments wisely (value-based care) 3 - Clinical pathways and standardization 2 - Health informatics and clinical decision support (overview) 4 - Implementation science basics (overview) 2 - Patient safety science and event analysis - High reliability organization principles 3 - Human factors and systems thinking 3 - Medication safety and diagnostic safety initiatives 5 - Root cause analysis (RCA) and action planning 3 - Safety event reporting and just culture 3 - Quality improvement (QI) methods and measurement - Building an aim statement and driver diagram 3 - Equity in QI 2 - Measurement for improvement 3 - PDSA cycles and iterative testing 3 - Sustainability and reliability 2 #### Scholarship, research methods, and critical appraisal (advanced) 20 Designing, appraising, and translating research; research governance and ethics. - Knowledge translation and guideline development (overview) - From evidence to practice 3 - Advanced critical appraisal and statistics (applied) - Causal inference and confounding control (overview) 5 - Interpreting complex trial designs 4 - Research ethics and integrity - Human subjects protections 4 - Open science and reproducibility (overview) 4 ### Neonatal Intensive Care 85 questions #### Extreme prematurity and NICU stabilization 85 Advanced management of very preterm infants, stabilization, thermoregulation, respiratory support, h... - Delivery room care for extremely preterm infants - Delayed cord clamping and placental transfusion 2 - Family communication and shared decision-making 2 - Initial vascular access and labs 3 - Respiratory support at birth 2 - Thermoregulation and prevention of heat loss 3 - Hemodynamics, PDA, and cardiovascular issues - Anemia and transfusion thresholds in preterm infants (overview) 3 - Congenital heart disease stabilization in NICU 3 - Hypotension in preterm infants 3 - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) management controversies (overview) 3 - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) in NICU 3 - Neonatal infection, antimicrobial use, and transport - Antibiotic stewardship in NICU 2 - Congenital infections (TORCH) advanced overview 3 - Ethics in extreme prematurity and limitation of support 3 - Late-onset sepsis and central line infections 2 - Neonatal transport and stabilization for transfer 2 - Neurologic complications and neuroprotection - Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and therapeutic hypothermia 3 - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and PVL 4 - Neonatal seizures in NICU 3 - Neonatal stroke and thrombosis (overview) 3 - Pain/stress and developmental care in NICU 3 - Nutrition and GI complications in NICU - Enteral feeding advancement and human milk use 3 - GER and feeding intolerance in preterm infants (overview) 3 - Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 3 - Parenteral nutrition (TPN) principles and complications 3 - Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) vs NEC 2 - Respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease - Apnea of prematurity 3 - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) 4 - Oxygen toxicity and retinopathy of prematurity linkage 3 - Surfactant biology and RDS management 3 - Ventilation modes in NICU (conceptual) 3 ### Subspecialty Pediatrics 253 questions #### Advanced Cardiology 41 Complex congenital heart disease physiology, advanced arrhythmia management, cardiomyopathy, pulmona... - Advanced arrhythmia management - Atrial flutter/fibrillation in children (overview) 3 - Channelopathies and sudden cardiac death prevention 3 - Pacemakers and ICDs (overview) 3 - Wide complex tachycardia differential 2 - WPW syndrome and pre-excitation 3 - Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (advanced) - Cardiac diagnostics interpretation (advanced) 3 - Dilated cardiomyopathy evaluation 3 - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in youth 3 - Myocarditis acute management and ECMO consideration 2 - Pulmonary hypertension advanced overview 3 - Complex congenital heart disease physiology - Coarctation and arch obstruction nuances 3 - Endocarditis in congenital heart disease 2 - Single ventricle palliation stages (conceptual) 3 - Tetralogy of Fallot variants and spells 2 - Transposition and mixing lesions management principles 3 #### Advanced Gastroenterology/Hepatology 139 IBD, chronic liver disease, complex abdominal pain, feeding disorders, pancreatic disease, and advan... - Chronic liver disease and portal hypertension - Acute liver failure (advanced recognition) 3 - Autoimmune hepatitis and PSC overview 4 - Cholestatic disease (biliary atresia post-Kasai, PFIC overview) 4 - Cirrhosis complications 4 - Hepatitis B/C chronic infection management concepts 3 - Dermatology (advanced) - Dermatologic manifestations of systemic disease 3 - Genodermatoses and neurocutaneous disorders (selected) 4 - Serious skin infections and toxin-mediated disease 3 - Severe eczema and systemic therapies (overview) 3 - Vascular tumors and malformations (advanced overview) 3 - Pancreatitis and biliary disorders - Acute pancreatitis diagnosis and causes 4 - Biliary dyskinesia and RUQ pain (overview) 3 - Chronic pancreatitis (overview) 2 - Management principles 3 - Short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure (overview) 3 - Advanced Endocrinology - Complex DKA and cerebral edema management 3 - Disorders of puberty and DSD (advanced principles) 3 - Endocrine hypertension and metabolic syndromes (overview) 3 - Hypoglycemia workup with critical sample interpretation 2 - Thyroid storm and adrenal crisis (advanced emergencies) 4 - Advanced Hematology/Oncology - Complicated bleeding/thrombosis scenarios 3 - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) overview 3 - Oncologic emergencies beyond TLS 3 - Sickle cell complex management 3 - Survivorship and late effects (overview) 4 - Advanced Nephrology/Urology - CKD progression and complications management 4 - Complex CAKUT and recurrent UTI management 2 - Dialysis and transplant complications (overview) 4 - Glomerular disease beyond basics (nephritic/nephrotic spectrum) 3 - Hypertension with renal disease (advanced) 3 - Advanced Neurology - Demyelinating disease in pediatrics (overview) 3 - Epileptic encephalopathies and urgent syndromes 3 - Headache complex cases and secondary causes (advanced) 3 - Neuromuscular respiratory failure management (overview) 2 - Status epilepticus refractory management (overview) 2 - Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology (advanced) - Complex JIA and biologic therapy monitoring 2 - MIS-C and hyperinflammation (advanced overview) 4 - Primary immunodeficiency detailed patterns (selected) 3 - Severe drug reactions and allergy delabeling 4 - Systemic vasculitides and connective tissue diseases (advanced overview) 3 - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprehensive overview - Complications and emergencies 3 - Crohn vs ulcerative colitis phenotypes 3 - Initial evaluation and biomarkers 2 - Nutrition and bone health in IBD 3 - Therapy principles 3 #### Advanced Pulmonology/Sleep 59 Chronic lung disease, complex asthma, CF management, bronchiectasis, pulmonary hypertension, sleep m... - Bronchiectasis and chronic suppurative lung disease - Aspiration and airway abnormalities 3 - Complications and long-term follow-up 4 - Etiologies and evaluation 3 - Management strategies 3 - Primary ciliary dyskinesia diagnostics (overview) 3 - Cystic fibrosis (CF) advanced management overview - Airway clearance and chronic infection suppression 3 - CF complications 3 - CFTR modulators concept 3 - Infection control and cross-infection prevention 2 - Nutrition and pancreatic insufficiency management 3 - Severe asthma phenotypes and biologics (overview) - Biologic therapies concept 3 - Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and differential 3 - Phenotyping and modifiable risk factors 3 - Severe exacerbation prevention strategies 3 - Spirometry and bronchodilator response interpretation 3 - Sleep medicine (advanced) - Behavioral sleep interventions for complex cases 2 - Central sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndromes (overview) 3 - Complex OSA and residual OSA post-tonsillectomy 2 - Narcolepsy and hypersomnia (overview) 3 - Periodic limb movement and restless legs in youth 4 #### Orthopedics/Sports Medicine (advanced) 14 Complex gait/hip disorders, sports cardiopulmonary clearance overlap, rehab, and imaging interpretat... - Complex hip disorders (Perthes, SCFE complications) - Hip pain differential in athletes 3 - Perthes disease staging concept 3 - Rehabilitation and return-to-play decisions 2 - SCFE complications and prevention 3 - Sports-related sudden death screening overlap (overview) 3 [ View Pediatrics ](https://mdster.com/speciality/pediatrics) [ View pricing ](https://mdster.com/pricing) [ MDster home ](/ "MDster home") Master your medical exams with evidence-based learning. 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